Anal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the anus, which is the opening at the end of the rectum. It is a relatively rare form of cancer, and its most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. Risk factors for anal cancer include infection with certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV infection, and a history of anal warts.
Here, we provide an overview of the treatment options available for anal cancer. Please note that the specific treatment plan for your condition will be chosen by your healthcare professional based on your diagnosis and individual circumstances.
Treatment methods
Surgery
- Local excision. Removal of the cancerous tumor along with a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue.
- Abdominoperineal resection (APR). Removal of the anus, rectum, and part of the colon, with the creation of a permanent colostomy.
- Lymph node dissection. Removal of nearby lymph nodes if cancer has spread.
Chemoradiotherapy. A combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is often the primary treatment for anal cancer. Chemotherapy drugs may be given orally or intravenously, and radiation therapy is directed at the tumor site.
Topical treatments. Some early-stage anal cancers may be treated with topical agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or imiquimod, applied directly to the affected area.
Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy drugs, such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab, may be used in certain cases to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.
Clinical trials. Participation in clinical trials may provide access to innovative treatments and contribute to the advancement of anal cancer research.
We understand that navigating treatment and diagnosis options can be challenging. The information on this page is meant to give you a general overview of the various approaches. Your healthcare provider will determine specific treatment and diagnostic options based on your individual diagnosis, medical history, and other factors.